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The system of waterways of the Port of New York and New Jersey forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world.〔http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/maps/hudson-raritan-estuary/?ar_a=1〕 Although the overall form of the harbor remains unchanged from the time of Giovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, no part of it remains unaffected by human activity, and some parts, such as Hell Gate and Ellis Island have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural 17 feet depth to 45 feet, in some places requiring blasting of bedrock.〔http://www.harborestuary.org/watersweshare/pdfs/CRP/2_Existing_Conditions.pdf〕 The harbor lies at the confluence of three major bodies of water. The harbor opens onto the New York Bight (Atlantic Ocean) to the southeast and Long Island Sound to the northeast. Both of these are essentially marine bodies with both tides and saltwater, but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20-30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. The Hudson River adds a fresher, non-tidal inflow from the north, although the tide and brackishness extend well up river. These three combine to generate an extremely complex system of tides and currents 〔NOAA Tides and Current web site FAQ page. See discussion of hydraulic currents ()〕 throughout the extended hydrologic system from Albany to Montauk Point to the Hudson Canyon region of the New York Bight. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System ((NYHOPS )) utilizes information from sensors, weather forecasts, and environment models to provide real-time forecasts of meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the area. ==Features of the harbor== The lists below includes features of Port of New York and New Jersey with a waterborne emphasis starting with natural features. Where possible the list proceeds from Lower Bay entrance approximately clockwise around Harbor. The alternative sorting is by jurisdiction. Official references are the NOAA Coastal pilot,〔(Chapter 11 ), New York Harbor and Approaches, (''Coast Pilot 2'' ), 35th Edition, 2006, (Office of Coast Survey ), NOAA.〕 NOAA nautical charts,〔NOAA nautical charts (12327 ) ''New York Harbor'' (1:40,000 scale), (12324 ) ''Sandy Hook to Little Egg'', (12350 ) ''Jamaica Bay and Rockaway Inlet'', (12402 ), (12401 ) ''New York Lower Bay'', (12331 ) ''Raritan Bay and southern part of Arthur Kill'', (12332 ) ''Raritan River'', (12333 ) ''Kill van Kull and northern part of Arthur Kill'', (12334 ) ''New York Harbor (Upper Bay and Narrows'', (12337 ), (12335 ), (12338 ), (12341 ), (12339 ), (12366 ) ''Long Island Sound and East River'', found on page Nautical charts (Atlantic Coast charts online ), Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.〕 and USGS topographic maps.〔 USGS topographic maps, 1:24,000 scale, listed from west to east (in a row), then north to south: *Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Mamaroneck; *Orange, Weehawken, Central Park Flushing, Seacliff; *Elizabeth, Jersey City, Brooklyn, Jamaica, Lynbrook; *Perth Amboy, Arthur Kill The Narrows, Coney Island, Far Rockaway; *South Amboy, Keyport, Sandy Hook West, Sandy Hook East.〕 Many jurisdictional issues appear in U.S. law.〔(Title 33.Navigation And Navigable Waters ) USC. See Section 59.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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